February 2026

Who would have thought that behind its shiny golden feathers and captivating lekking dance, the Greater Bird-of-Paradise (Paradisaea apoda) holds an important secret for the survival of tropical forests? Its ecological role is rarely recognized by many people, yet without this magnificent bird, forest regeneration could be significantly disrupted.

Frugivore: Guardian of Forest Regeneration

Two Greater Bird of Paradise individuals on a bintagur tree branch

The Greater Bird-of-Paradise is known as a frugivorous bird, which means that its main food source is fruit. In its daily life, this bird moves from one tree to another in search of ripe fruit. What may seem like a simple feeding habit plays a major role in the ecosystem. The birds do not only just eat fruit, but it also acts as natural seed dispersers.

Some seeds when bird feeds can fall to the ground, while other seeds that are swallowed will come out again with feces in places that are often far from the parent tree. In this way, Greater Bird-of-Paradise helps new plants grow in various locations, maintaining forest diversity and ensuring that natural regeneration continues.

A Natural Agent of Ecological Succession

When the research team observed its behavior, it was clear that this bird of paradise loved to eat a variety of forest fruits—from nibung, mendarahan, pala (nutmeg), beringin rambat (climbing figs), to jambuan. Uniquely, the seeds from these fruits are not only eaten to fill their stomachs.

Seeds that come out of the bird’s digestive tract often fall far from the parent tree, providing opportunities for new seedlings to grow themselves elsewhere.

A Great Yellow Bird of Paradise eating nibung fruit

Seeds eaten by birds of paradise are often dispersed when these birds jump from one tree canopy to another. As a result, new plants can grow in empty spaces, open areas, or even forests that have been disturbed. Through this simple method, the Greater Bird-of-Paradise contributes to plant diversity and accelerates forest recovery. It is no wonder, it can be considered one of nature’s important agents in the process of ecological succession.

Birds-of-Paradise and Biodiversity

Natural regeneration in Asiki Forest, South Papua

With their ability to travel long distances and move between high forest canopies, the Greater Bird-of-Paradise play an important role in increasing forest biodiversity. Their extensive movements enable the dispersal of seeds from various plant species to different areas, including locations far from the parent trees. Each seed dispersed is like a small puzzle piece of forest life, ensuring a diverse, healthy, and thriving ecosystem.

The role of fruit-eating birds such as the Greater Bird-of-Paradise extends beyond just one or two types of trees. Many tropical forest

plants depend on animals for seed dispersal. Without them, plant diversity would decline, and the structure of the forest could become homogeneous or degraded.

More Than Just a Bird

Protecting Greater Bird-of-Paradise is not just about ensuring that this beautiful bird soaring freely, but also about safeguarding the forest continues to breathe. From the fruits it consumes to the seeds it disperses, the bird helps the forest regenerate and sustain the diversity of life within it. Every effort to conserve the Greater Bird-of-Paradise is, in essence, an effort to protect Papua’s tropical rainforests and all the creatures that depend on them.

The Greater Bird-of-Paradise is not only an icon of Papua’s natural beauty, but also an integral part of the cultural heritage of Indigenous Peoples. Behind efforts to conserve this endemic bird, indigenous communities play an irreplaceable role as forest guardians, habitat protectors, and custodians of ecological values passed down from through generations.

More Than Just a Bird: The Spiritual Meaning of the Bird-of-Paradise

Indigenous Papuan communities play an important role in preserving birds of paradise. With their knowledge inherited over generations, they know when the mating season takes place, which trees are used for lek, and recognize which food tree species must be preserved. Customary laws often prohibit the cutting of certain trees or the hunting of animals, including birds-of-paradise. For some communities, these birds of paradise are even considered sacred, spiritual symbols that must be respected.

For many indigenous Papuan communities, the Greater Yellow Bird-of-Paradise are not just beautiful birds, but also symbols of ancestral spirits. Its graceful movements atop tall trees are seen as a connection between the earth and the sky. Its presence in the forest signifies that humans are still living in harmony with nature and tradition. Conversely, the disappearance of birds-of-paradise from an area is often interpreted as a sign that this balance has been disturbed.

Sacred Forest: A Hidden Stronghold for the Bird-of-Paradise

In Papua, certain forests are not only rich in biodiversity but also hold deep spiritual significance for Indigenous communities. One such area is the High Conservation Value (HCV) forest managed by TSE Group, which known locally as a sacred forest. For indigenous communities, this forest is protected by strict customary rules—it must not be cut down cleared indiscriminately or damaged. Without much awareness, these rules have made the sacred forest a natural conservation stronghold.

Within these forests, the Greater Bird-of-Paradise and other iconic species can continue to live safely, perform their mating dancse, and reproduce in their natural habitat.

Because of their sacred status, indigenous communities usually strictly prohibit any form of activity in these sacred forests—from cutting down trees and hunting to entering without permission. These customary rules act as a natural shield, protecting both flora and fauna. In many ways, sacred forests function as informal conservation areas born out of local wisdom.

Interestingly, large trees used by male birds-of-paradise for lekking are frequently found in sacred forests that have remained untouched by human activity. It is therefore not surprising that some of the most active and stable lekking sites are found around these sacred forests.

Sacred Forest as Natural Conservation

Sacred forests demonstrate that conservation is not always about science or formal rules. In many cases, local culture and beliefs serve as the most effective “protectors of nature.” Protecting forests because they are considered sacred has proven to be highly effective in maintaining ecological functions naturally. Local cultural values and beliefs are often respected and upheld more consistently than national laws.

Installation of sacred forest signboards around the TSE Group’s HCV area

Papua’s sacred forests are not only a cultural legacy, but also part of a natural conservation system that has existed for centuries. Respecting, recognizing, and supporting the protection of sacred forests also strengthens the conservation of rare species such as the Greater Yellow Bird-of-Paradise and helps maintain the overall balance of Papua’s ecosystem.

One of the most fascinating aspects about the Greater Bird of Paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is its unique mating ritual. Rather than simply singing or displaying their beautiful feathers, the males perform a “spectacle” known as lekking, a remarkable mating ritual that becomes a contest of charm deep within the Papuan forest.

Lekking is a unique mating strategy, in which males gather at a specific location called a lek site. There, they take turns dancing, fluttering their brightly yellow colored feathers, and making distinctive, repetitive sounds. All of these “performances” serve one simple goal: to attract females and get the chance to become their mate.

An Audition Stage in the Papuan Forest

For the Greater Bird-of-Paradise, lekking functions like an “audition stage” in the heart of the forest. The males compete intensely to dance, spread their golden feathers, and sing loudly to captivate the watching females. Only the most impressive ones will be chosen, while the others must try again the next day. After a brief mating, the female leaves to build her nest and raise her young alone. The male, meanwhile, returns to the lek tree, ready to repeat the performance, a natural cycle that shows how amazingly sexual selection works in the wild.

Performances in the Dry Season

Every morning, before the sun climbs too high, male Greater Bird-of-Paradise will choose the tallest tree around the lek site as their “main stage.” From this elevated perch, the dance, the shimmering decorative feathers, and the distinctive call can be seen and heard more clearly, both by females and rival males. Interestingly, lekking ritual usually takes place during the dry season, between June and October. When the forest is drier and the air is clear, their voices can reach further, making this open-air show even more captivating.

Male Dominance at Peak Lekking Season

Field observations during the lekking season show that male birds are far more dominant. This is likely because observations were made during the peak breeding period, when males are most actively displaying themselves. In the lek trees, males continuously perform their signature dances, fluttering their yellow-colored decorative feathers, and singing loudly to attract the attention of females and ward off competitors. Occasionally, several females are seen coming to the lek site, observing carefully and assessing which males are the most suitable to choose.

The Ritual of Preparing the Lek Arena

During the lek season, research found eight lek trees actively used by Greater Bird-of-Paradise. Beneath these trees, many scattered branches and leaves were found. This is no coincidence, apparently, the male birds deliberately “tidy up” their stage by cleaning debris from the forest floor. This allows their decorative feathers to be clearly visible when they dance under the natural light of the forest. This finding is in line with research by Stein and Uy (2006), which states that lekking birds often maintain their performance arena in order to appear more attractive to females.

Lekking, Forests, and the Future of Birds-of-Paradise

The lekking behavior of the Greater Bird-of-Paradise demonstrates the close relationship between beauty, reproduction, and habitat conservation. This complex mating ritual can only take place in intact forests, with tall trees serving as their natural stage. Preserving the forests of Papua means protecting the birds’ habitat while ensuring that one of nature’s most spectacular shows continues for future generations.